Advancements in Modern Steganography Techniques for Enhanced Data Security: A Comprehensive Review
—Information security has become a major concern in today's digital world with the rapid growth of the internet. To confront this challenge, various techniques like cryptography and steganography have developed in the fields of computer security for protecting sensitive data from unauthorized access. The review paper explores modern steganography techniques, providing valuable information about their applications in data security. It analyzes the emerging field of DNA-based steganography. The paper also examines the dynamic domain of audio steganography, focusing on the challenge of developing strong, high-capacity systems for secure communication. Additionally, it focuses on evaluation of digital image steganography methods. Keywords—DNA steganography, Image steganography, Audio steganography, Prisoners’ problem, Cracking probability, SNR, Temporal Domain, Transform Domain, LSB, RGB, Discrete Cosine Transform, Stego-Image. I. INTRODUCTION This research highlights on the growing interest in DNAbased steganography and its importance in enhancing data protection. There are various policies and protocols to secure patients’ data, and its security and privacy is a main key issue that remains for EHR systems. In this paper, according to privacy and security, we discuss the basics of DNA steganography to protect the confidential data from cybercriminals and attackers in the field of communication and data security [1]. The properties
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Unmasking Risk in the Elderly: Predictors of Emergency Department Outcomes and the Role of Early Warning Score
Introduction: The growing proportion of older adults worldwide has led to increasing utilization of Emergency Department (ED) services. In Indonesia, where the elderly population continues to expand rapidly, contemporary data on geriatric character istics and outcomes in the ED remain limited. Aim: This study primarily aimed to identify determinants of prolonged ED length of stay (EDLOS ≥ 4 h), 90-day unplanned ED re-admission and mortality. Secondary objective was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of various severity scoring systems in ED. Method: A retrospective review was conducted using medical records of patients aged ≥ 60 years who presented to the ED of a secondary hospital between January and June 2025. Data collected included demographic s, comorbidities, functional status, frailty, polypharmacy, nutritional status, triage category, clinical presentation, scoring assessments (REMS, HOTEL, NEWS2, APACHE-II). Logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors and ROC analyses assessed scoring system performance. Results: A total of 1433 geriatric patients were analyzed. Prolonged EDLOS occurred in 53.24% of patients, with independent predictors including specialist consultation, atypical clinical condition, delirium, malnutrition, frailty, and functional decline. The 90-day mortality rate was 11.58%, and the 90-day re-admission rate was 14%. Delirium, frailty, comorbidity burden (CCI ≥ 2), functional decline, and ICU admission were cons
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Comparative characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized by spore extract of Bacillus subtilis and Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Objective(s): Silver nanostructures have gathered remarkable attention due to their applications in diverse fields. Researchers have recently demonstrated that bacterial spores are capable of reducing silver ions to elemental silver leading to formation of nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: In this study, spores of Bacillus subtilis and Geobacillus stearothermophilus were employed to produce silver nanoparticles (SNPs) from silver nitrate (AgNO3) through a green synthesis method. The production of SNPs by spores, heat inactivated spores (microcapsule) and spore extracts was monitored and compared at wavelengths between 300 to 700 nm. The biosynthesized SNPs by spore extracts were characterized and confirmed by XRD and TEM analyses. Results: UV-Visible spectro scopy showed that the spore extracts were able to synthesize more SNPs than the other forms. The XRD pattern also revealed that the silver nanometals have crystalline structure with various topologies. The TEM micrographs showed polydispersed nanocrystal with dimensions ranging from 30 to 90 nm and 15 to 50 nm produced by spore extracts of B. subtilis and G. stearothermophilus, respectively. Moreover, these biologically synthesized nanoparticles exhibited antimicrobial activity against different opportunistic pathogens. Conclusion: This study suggests the bacterial spore extract as a safe, efficient, cost effective and eco-friendly material for biosynthesis of SNPs. Key words: Bacillus subtilis, Geobacil
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Triglyceride Metabolism in the Liver
Triglyceride molecules represent the major form of storage and transport of fatty acids within cells and in the plasma. The liver is the central organ for fatty acid metabolism. Fatty acids accrue in liver by hepatocellular uptake from the plasma and by de novo biosynthesis. Fatty acids are eliminated by oxidation within the cell or by secretion into the plasma within triglyceride-rich very low-density lipoproteins. Notwithstanding high fluxes through these pathways, under normal circumstances the liver stores only small amounts of fatty acids as triglycerides. In the setting of overnutrition and obesity, hepatic fatty acid metabolism is altered, commonly leading to the accumulation of triglycerides within hepatocytes, and to a clinical condition known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this review, we describe t he current understanding of fatty acid and triglyceride metabolism in the liver and its regulation in health and disease, identifying potential directions for future research. Advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the hepatic fat accumulation are critical to the development of targeted therapies for NAFLD. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1-22, 2018. Didactic Synopsis Major teaching points r A variety of endogenous and exogenous sources provide fatty acids that can be assembled into triglycerides within the liver in health and disease; r Multiple hepatocellular mechanisms regulate fatty acid uptake, synthesi
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Disclosure of key audit matters (KAMs) in financial reporting: evidence from an emerging economy
Purpose – The new audit regulation for disclosure of key audit matters (KAMs) in financial reporting has been introduced in both developed and developing countries. This study investigates the influence of three distinctive sets of variables, namely industry features, firm characteristics and auditor attributes, on the extent, pattern and level of disclosure of KAMs by companies listed in Bangladesh, an emerging economy. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses qualitative and quantitative research approaches to investigate the pattern of disclosure of KAMs and their determinants. With a sample of 447 firm-year observations from companies listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange over 2018–2020, the study reveals industrylevel, firm-level and auditor-specific characte ristics that affect KAMs’ communication in the new audit reporting model. Findings – The findings suggest that significant differences exist between firms in the number and types of KAMs reported and the extent of their disclosure. The study findings also observed variations both within and across different industry sectors. Highly regulated firms disclose a greater number of KAMs, while environmentally sensitive firms are found to provide a greater detail of the issues presented as KAMs. Further, both firm size and age positively impact the number of KAMs disclosed and the extent of the disclosure provided. Big-4-affiliated auditors do not issue a significantly higher number of KAMs but deliver extensive details to their KAMs description, compared to non-Big-4 auditors. In addition, while auditors, in general, tend to issue boilerplate KAMs, Big-4 associates are found to disclose more new KAMs. However, audit fees and auditor rotation do not influence KAMs disclosure. Research limitations/implications – This study is based on two years of publicly available data. However, future studies could consider in-depth interviews to explore the motivation behind KAMs’ disclosure in Bangladesh and other developing countries with similar cultural and contextual values. Practical implications – These findings have substantial policy considerations for improving firms’ audit quality and, thus, their financial reporting quality, with implications for national and international standardsetters, regulators and other stakeholders. Originality/value – This study is one of the earliest endeavours to investigate KAMs in a context of an emerging country, such as Bangladesh, which adopted KAMs’ disclosure in 2018.
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Conspiracy Theories and Foreign Policy Narratives
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